The Temple of Literature in Hanoi stands as a remarkable embodiment of Vietnam’s dedication to education and Confucian tradition. Established over a millennium ago, this historic complex not only serves as a symbol of academic achievement but also as a serene haven of traditional Vietnamese architecture and cultural heritage.
History of the Temple of Literature
Founded in 1070 by Emperor Ly Thanh Tong, the Temple of Literature was dedicated to Confucius, reflecting the high regard for science and literature in Vietnamese culture. This temple was not just a place of worship but also an important center for learning, representing the profound respect for education in Vietnam.
Just six years after its establishment, the temple became home to the Quoc Tu Giam, or the „School for the Flower of the Nation,“ which holds the distinction of being the country’s first university. Initially intended to educate the sons of the nobility in the ways of Confucian thought and civil service, the university notably opened its doors to talented individuals from common backgrounds, a testament to the inclusive vision of education at the time.
This institution was the site of national examinations, held every three years from 1443 to 1778, which were crucial for those aspiring to enter the administrative apparatus of the nation. However, in 1802, Emperor Gia Long moved this educational institute to the new capital of Hue, marking a significant shift in the country’s academic epicenter.
Despite undergoing several restorations over the centuries, the Temple of Literature has largely retained its original design, standing today as a prime example of traditional Vietnamese architecture. It remains not only a historical site but also a symbol of Vietnam’s enduring commitment to education and a testament to the nation’s rich cultural legacy.
Highlights of the Temple of Literature
The entrance to the Temple of Literature is located on Quoc Tu Giam Street. Entering through the main gate, Van Mieu Mon, visitors are welcomed into a sprawling 2.5-hectare complex. This historic site is structured into five distinct courtyards, each separated by walls, and unfolds in a series of architectural and natural wonders.
1. The gate
The initial two courtyards are devoid of buildings but rich in scenic beauty. The first courtyard features the main entrance, leading to The Great Middle Gate flanked by two smaller side entrances. It houses two small ponds on either side of a garden, with three paths: the central one reserved for the king and his family, and the lateral ones for students and the public. This serene space sets the tone for the tranquil atmosphere that pervades the Temple of Literature.
2. Courtyard and pavilion
Linking the second and third courtyards is the exquisite Khue Van Cac, a wooden pavilion known for its historical significance and beauty. This pavilion, once a place where scholars recited poetry and engaged in literary discussions, now stands as a picturesque landmark, attracting photographers and artists. It is so emblematic of Vietnamese culture that it features on the 100,000 Vietnamese Dong banknote.
3. The pond
At the heart of the third courtyard lies the Thien Quang Tinh, a tranquil pond symbolizing a mirror that reflects the universe’s essence, encouraging self-reflection among students. Flanking the garden are 41 stelae mounted on stone turtles, commemorating the scholars who excelled in the national examinations. These stelae, dating back to 1484, are historical testaments to the scholarly achievements of over 1,300 PhD graduates.
Within the third courtyard of the Temple of Literature lies an important and symbolic feature: the stone turtles. These turtles carry 82 stelae on their backs, serving as memorials to the 1,306 scholars who passed the rigorous national examinations between the 15th and 18th centuries. The turtles are a significant element in the temple complex, symbolizing longevity and wisdom in Vietnamese culture.
4. Gate of Great Success
The fourth courtyard is home to the main Temple of Literature, housing statues of Confucius and his disciples. This sacred area continues to be a place of reverence, particularly for students seeking blessings during exam periods.
5. The Imperial Academy
The final courtyard once housed the library and the Imperial Academy, the epicenter of learning for the nation’s officials. Although it was destroyed in 1946 during the First Indochina War, a reconstruction was completed in 2000. This new structure serves as an exhibition space, displaying artifacts like the traditional scholars‘ uniforms, allowing visitors a glimpse into Vietnam’s rich academic past.
Visiting the temple
Address & Opening Times
The Temple of Literature, also known as Chua Van Mieu, is situated in the Dong Da district, just about 1 km south of the Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum, a significant cultural and historical area in Hanoi.
- Address: 58 Quốc Tử Giám, Văn Miếu, Đống Đa. The location is easily accessible and can be found on Google Maps for easy navigation. (Google Maps location)
- Opening Times: The Temple is open daily from 8:00 AM to 4:30 PM, allowing ample time for visitors to explore and soak in its rich history.
Entrance Fee
- Adults: VND 20,000
- Children: VND 10,000
How to Get There
Located approximately 2 km from Hanoi’s Old Quarter, the Temple of Literature is well-known and can be reached in several ways:
- Taxi or Cyclo Ride: Both taxis and traditional cyclos are familiar with the location. A cyclo ride, in particular, offers a unique and leisurely way to see the city.
- Walking: If you prefer walking, it’s a feasible option from the Old Quarter. En route, you’ll pass the intriguing Hanoi Train Street, where an active train track runs through a residential neighborhood.
Dress Code
As a revered historical site and a temple, visitors are expected to dress respectfully:
- Avoid wearing hats, shorts, miniskirts, or sleeveless shirts, especially in worship areas.
- It’s important to maintain a respectful demeanor, which includes being quiet and refraining from eating or drinking while on the premises.
Other Sights Around the Temple of Literature
The Temple of Literature, situated about 2 km from Hanoi’s Old Quarter, is in proximity to several key attractions within a 15-minute walking distance:
- Imperial Citadel of Thang Long: Close to the Temple of Literature, this UNESCO World Heritage Site features ancient palaces and relics from Vietnam’s historical capital. Visitors can explore old structures and tranquil gardens, entering near the Lenin statue and the Vietnam Military History Museum.
- Ba Dinh Square and Surroundings: North of the Temple is Ba Dinh Square, surrounded by important landmarks:
- Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum: The final resting place of Ho Chi Minh, a key figure in Vietnamese history, offering insights into his life and legacy.
- Ho Chi Minh Museum and Stilt House: These sites provide a glimpse into Ho Chi Minh’s life and leadership, showcasing his modest living quarters and comprehensive historical exhibits.
- One Pillar Pagoda: A renowned temple in Hanoi, known for its unique architecture and cultural significance, located near the mausoleum.
