The Po Nagar Temple Complex in Nha Trang is one of Vietnam’s most remarkable Cham structures, rich in history and cultural significance. Perched on a hill overlooking the Cai River, this iconic site offers visitors a glimpse into the architectural brilliance and spiritual traditions of the Cham civilization.
The Legend of Po Nagar
According to Cham mythology, Po Nagar—also known as Yan Pu Nagara—was a divine goddess who governed the skies, clouds, trees, and rice of the Cham people. Married to 97 husbands, her favorite was Po Yan Amo, the strongest among them.
Po Nagar bore 38 daughters, and legend has it that they were often portrayed without clothing in traditional tales. Some of her daughters’ names are linked to regions in modern-day Vietnam, including Kauthara (now Khanh Hoa, where the temple is located), Panduranga (modern Ninh Thuan), and Manthit (the city of Phan Thiet). These stories continue to reflect the Cham people’s reverence for nature and their spiritual connection to their land.
History of Po Nagar Cham Tower
The construction of the Po Nagar Cham Tower dates back to 781 AD, during the reign of Queen Jagadharma of the Champa Kingdom. Located on a hill overlooking the Cai River, the temple was built to honor Hindu deities, particularly Shiva and other gods, with the intention of seeking divine protection and blessings.
Originally crafted from limestone and marble, the temple complex was adorned with gold and gemstones to signify reverence and opulence. However, much of the original structure was destroyed in the 10th century during a raid by Javanese forces. When the temple was restored under King Satyavarman, the ornate materials were replaced with durable red bricks, which have withstood the test of time. Over the centuries, the structure has been expanded, eventually comprising five towers.
The temple has since transitioned from its Hindu origins to a place of worship for both the Cham people and the Vietnamese, reflecting the area’s dynamic cultural and religious history.
Highlights of the structure
1. The Gate Tower
Originally, a grand entrance gate welcomed pilgrims to the temple. Although the gate has eroded over time, the stone steps leading to the Mandapa (vestibule) still remain, hinting at the grandeur of the original structure.
2. The Vestibule (Mandapa)
The Mandapa served as a gathering place for worshippers to prepare offerings before entering the temple. This area features two rows of columns, each made of octagonal red bricks. The columns are divided into five large and six smaller ones, creating an open, symmetrical space. A steep staircase connects the Mandapa to the temple and tower area above.
3. The Temple and Tower Area (Kalan)
At the highest level of the complex lies the temple area, surrounded by stone walls and featuring multiple towers. The Po Nagar Tower, the tallest and most significant, stands as the centerpiece. This sacred space includes intricate terracotta statues and reliefs depicting gods, celestial beings, and mythical creatures. The towers are uniquely constructed without adhesives, relying on precise brickwork to maintain their strength.
Despite the passage of time and some structural erosion, the towers remain awe-inspiring, showcasing the ingenuity of Cham builders.
4. The Inscription Area
The temple complex houses ancient steles, providing valuable insights into Cham culture and history. These inscriptions narrate the legend of Po Nagar, historical milestones, and the cultural significance of the site. Some steles have been translated into Vietnamese.
VIsiting Po Nagar
The Po Nagar Temple Complex is easily accessible and offers a peaceful retreat from the bustling city of Nha Trang. Here are some practical details to help plan your visit:
Entrance Fee and Hours
- Entrance Fee: VND 12,000
- Opening Hours: 7:00 – 19:00
Distance from Nha Trang City Center
The temple is located just 2.9 kilometers from the city center, making it a quick trip by car, taxi, or motorbike.
Dress Code
While the temple is not overly strict about attire, it’s respectful to wear modest clothing that covers your shoulders and knees.
Getting There
- Taxi: A taxi ride costs approximately €2–€5, depending on your starting point.
- Motorbike/Scooter: If you’re comfortable riding in Vietnam’s traffic and have a valid license, renting a motorbike is an affordable option. Rentals typically cost VND 100,000–150,000 per day.
Visiting Tips
- Bring essentials like sunscreen, sunglasses, a hat, or an umbrella for shade.
- Wear comfortable shoes, as the temple complex has stairs and uneven terrain.
Special Festivals at Po Nagar Towers
The Po Nagar Temple Complex hosts its annual Po Nagar Festival from the 20th to the 23rd of March in the lunar calendar. This festival has grown to become one of the most significant folk cultural events in Khanh Hoa Province, as well as in the South Central and Central Highlands regions of Vietnam.
The festival is a unique opportunity to witness and appreciate the ancient Cham culture through a variety of traditional rituals and activities. The event begins with ceremonial offerings and prayers for peace, prosperity, and good harvests. Attendees can also enjoy cultural performances such as Cham dances, trance singing, and shadow puppetry, which bring the Cham heritage to life.
Visitors can also participate in or observe traditional folk games, the release of floating lanterns, and colorful processions. The festival not only attracts locals but also draws tourists eager to experience the vibrancy of Cham traditions and the spiritual energy of the temple complex.
